Lisa,+Cathy+&+Jaimie

= **1900s to 1930s** = 1900-1940 can be summarized as a sequence of the following time periods: 2nd Industrial Era > Time of American Imperialism > Progressive Era > Great Depression > WWII

Legislation that authorized a large increase in the building of ships to be used for offensive purposes; this measure helped ensure the creation of a world-class American navy.
 * 1900: Naval Act of 1900**


 * 1901: Assassination of President William McKinley; Roosevelt becomes president.**


 * 1903: Ford motor company established; Founding of the Women’s Trade Union League**

This Corollary firmly warned European nations against intervening in the affairs of nations in the Western Hemisphere Muck racking book
 * 1904: Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine announced; Construction of Panama Canal announced**
 * Shame of the Cities published by Lincoln Steffens**


 * 1905: Industrial Workers of the World formed; Roosevelt mediates conflict between Japan, Russia, in Portsmouth, New Hampshire

1906: Publication of The Jungle by Upton Sinclair; Meat Inspection Act enacted; Pure Food and Drug Act enacted**

Nativism; many Americans at the time were skeptical of the immigrant influx and wanted restrictions. Asian immigrants processed at Angel Island needed to pass English exams, etc.
 * 1908: William Howard Taft elected president**
 * 1909: Strike of International Ladies Garment Workers Union in New York City; Foundation of the NAACP**
 * 1910: Angel Island opens to process immigrants on West Coast Number of American children attending school nears 60 percent**

Showed America how necessary safety laws are.
 * 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist company fire**


 * 1912: Theodore Roosevelt’s “Bull Moose Party” [progressive party] founded; Woodrow Wilson elected president**

American's democratic right strengthened, as did hostility towards "aliens," or foreign immigrants Assembly lines represent a new era of mass production
 * 1913: Webb Alien Land Law enacted, prohibiting aliens from owning farmland in California; Ford Motor Company begins to use assembly line techniques; Ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, authorizing direct election of senators**


 * 1914: Completion of the Panama Canal; Outbreak of WWI in Europe; Woodrow Wilson proclaims American neutrality**


 * 1915: The sinking of the Lusitania by German U-boat

1916: Woodrow Wilson reelected with the slogan, “he kept us out of war”**
 * 1917: The Zimmerman Note; US enters WWI claiming that US neutrality has been violated; Espionage Act passed**

To see the Fourteen Points, http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/President_Wilson%27s_Fourteen_Points
 * 1918: Sedition Act passed (free speech limited, illegal to criticize government or American military forces); Wilson announces his Fourteen Points**

Race riots in Chicago revealed the fractioned America
 * 1919: Treaty of Versailles; Race Riots in Chicago; Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles (US does not join the League of Nations)**


 * 1920: Warren Harding elected president; Sacco and Vanzetti Arrested; Prohibition Movement starts**
 * 1921: Immigration Quota Law passed

1923: Teapot Dome Scandal; Death of Harding (Calvin Coolidge becomes president)** Teapot Dome Scandal: One of the many of Harding's scandals. The Secretary of Interior accepted bribes from oil companies for access to government oil reserves at Teapot Dome.


 * 1924: Calvin Coolidge elected president; KKK reaches highest membership numbers in history**


 * 1925: The Great Gatsby published by F Scott Fitzgerald**


 * 1927: Babe Ruth hits 60 home runs**
 * 1929: Stock Market Crash; almost 30 million Americans have cars**


 * 1932: Franklin D Roosevelt elected president**

AAA: Designed to restore economic position of farmers by paying them not to farm goods (prevent overproduction) CCC: Program that put 3 million young men to work; helped unemployed people + improved American roads, beaches, other public places.
 * 1933: Emergency Banking Relief Act enacted; Prohibition ends; Agricultural Adjustment Act and National Industrial Act enacted, Civilian Conservation Corps established, etc.; Hitler comes to power in Germany**


 * 1934: Highest unemployment rate in history

1935: Beginning of the New Deal; Social Security Act and Wagner Act enacted** Wagner Act (aka National Labor Relations Act): guaranteed collective bargaining, prevented harassment of union workers, etc.


 * 1936: FDR reelected as president

1939: Gone with the Wind, the Grapes of Wrath published; Nazi-Soviet Pact**


 * 1940: Roosevelt reelected for third term**

Multiple Choice Questions

a. Governments became more efficient in American cities such as Cleveland b. Health and safety conditions improved in some large factories c. The conditions of migrant farmers improved to some degree d. Some state governments became more democratic with the introduction of measures such as referendum and recall e. The federal government began to collect a national income tax
 * 1. Successful reforms initiated by the progressives included all but which of the following?**

a. A member of the Industrial Workers of the World b. A member of the Protestant Social Gospel Movement c. A large stockholder in the US Steel d. A follower of Eugene Debs e. A member of the Bull Moose Party
 * 2. Which of the following was least likely to be a progressive in this era?**

a. To prevent Europeans powers to become directly involved affairs in the Western Hemisphere b. To allow the United States to intervene in Latin American countries causing trouble for the US c. To allow the US to assist countries that are in need of economic and political stability d. To allow the US to remove unfriendly governments in the western hemisphere e. All of the above
 * 3. The intent of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine was:**

a. They thought their involvement would temper the excess zeal of other imperialists b. They admired the “pureness of spirit” found in the Philippines and other native groups c. Religious leaders in Europe favored imperialism d. They saw imperialism as an opportunity to conquer the “heathens” of newly acquired territories. e. American presidents, especial Theodore Roosevelt pressured them to take a stance
 * 4. American missionary leaders supported imperialism in this era because**

a. The Lusitania was carrying contraband. Which meant that it would legally be sunk b. The Germans had sunk a passenger ship before c. The Germans had placed advertisements in American newspapaers warning Americans not to travel on the Lusitania d. German U-boar policies were well publicized e. All of the above
 * 5. Some critics maintain that the US had no right to be outraged over the sinking of Lousitania because**

a. They feared that the US would end up financing the organization b. They feared the US Army would be sent into action on the “League of Nations business” without congressional authorization c. American opinion polls demonstrated that the American public was almost unanimously opposed to American entry into the League d. They feared that the Germans and Russians would dominate the League e. Warren G. Harding, Wilson’s vice president, was a staunch isolationist
 * 6. Many senators were opposed to American entry into the League of Nations because**

=
================================================================ ===========================================================================================

America and the World, 1921 - 1945
- America insisted on payment of war debts from Europe - Americans sought pacifism and legal neutrality (Congress passed a series of neutrailty acts in the mid 30s) - Continued to seek economic advantages in Latin America - The state of neutrality geared towards the Allied when FDR became the president - Alliance of the United States and Britain was established - The war brought depression, and caused people to migrate - It gave opportunities to African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and women - Roosevelt and the Democrats maintained power and won wartime elections - After the US joined the war, the Axis powers were defeated completely (atomic bombs on Japan ordered by Truman)

The Cold War
- US ignores Soviet request for a loan - 1947, Truman asks the Congress for money for aid to Greece and Turkey - Implemented the policy of "containment" by initiating the Marshall Plan in Europe, and helped them recover financially - Entered NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) in 1949 - America unified its armed services to the air force - Formation of The National Security Act, Department of Defense, CIA, National Security Council - US fails to stop Communist powers of China - North Korean invasion of South Korea, the US enters for help, and ends the war in a stalemate at the 38th parallel - At home, the union demands for higher wages and public demands for cheaper prices - The Red Scare and McCarthyism - Eisenhower elected as the president in 1952

30s to 50s MQs
1. The Good Neighbor Policy promised Latin American countries a. More US military involvement in their affairs b. less US interest in Latin America c. easy US loans with low rates of interest d. closer ties with each other e. a cooperative, rather than paternalistic, relationship with the US

2. The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 a. ensured the British easier access to American war supplies b. placed restrictions on which materials the US could ship to Great Britain c. encountered almost no opposition from American congressmen d. was proposed by American isolationists e. was approved but never implemented

3.The signatories of the Five Power Treaty at the Washington Conference in 1921 agreed to limit the size of their a. armies b. navies c. air force d. munition factories e. occupational ground forces

4. With the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, FDR a. immediately declared war on Germany b. declared American neutrality c. loaned massive quantities of war supplies to France and England d. warned Germany that if France were attacked, the US would declare war e. made a secret pact with the French

5. The fundamental disagreement at the beginning of the Cold War involved the question of a. who would control post war Europe b. sharing the secrets of atomic weapons c. free elections in Western Europe d. whether Truman of Stalin would lead postwar alliances e. who would control post-war Japan

6. George Kennan's "containment" policy proposed a. long-term neutrality for the US with respect to European affairs b. a series of aggressive maneuvers toward the Soviet Union c. American vigilance regarding Soviet expansionist tendencies d. restrictions on American expansionist plans e. keeping nuclear weapons information a closely guarded secret

7. The Truman Doctrine was developed as a response to problems in a. Greece b. Italy c. North Africa d. Southeast Asia e. Turkey

8. The Truman Doctrine a. marked an informal declaration of war against the USSR b. promised warmer US Soviet relations c. emphasized the idea of economic aid to Western Europe d. was proposed as an alternative to containment policy e. was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine

9. The Marshall Plan proposed a. the infusion of massive amounts of American capital in Western Europe b. a rearming of Germany c. a massive military buildup in Europe d. a series of Western military alliances e. a division of Germany

10. Overall, the Marshall Plan a. did little to halt Soviet encroachment in Western Europe b. failed as an economic measure c. received wholehearted support from the Soviets d. generated a broad industrial recovery in Western Europe e. had no effect on the US economy

11. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization a. received little support from European nations b. represented a departure from traditional American isolationism c. was perceived as nonthreatening by the Soviets d. continued the old American tradition of involvement in European alliances e. was opposed by the United Nations secretary general



=
================================================================= ===========================================================================================** The 1950s ** → Rapid economic growth: spurred by Cold War defense needs, automobile sales, housing sales, and the (post WWII) sale of appliances → Advertising industry shaped consumer desires (promoted conformity) → GI Bill: authorized low-interest mortgage loans and provided possibility of a college education to veterans. → Many families moved to suburbia → Civil rights struggles → Teen culture
 * Levittowns; designed by William Levitt
 * increased conformity and domesticity
 * America had become an "affluent society"
 * post WWII baby boom
 * Brown vs. Board of Education : victory of school integration
 * Montgomery bus boycott: blacks refused to ride the city buses; the Supreme Court made segregation on city buses unconstitutional
 * Rosa Park
 * Silent Generation: advertisements influenced teens to wear same styles and have similar tastes; educational films taught students to obey authority, to fit in with the group, control emotions
 * Beat Generation: rejected an American society obsessed with the atomic bomb and with material culture

→ Kennedy - New Frontier → Johnson - Great Society; Head Start, Medicare → Bay of Pigs: CIA trained Cubans living in America to invade Cuba -> Failed → Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviet was constructing missiles, Kennedy successfully persuaded Soviet to remove the missiles from Cuba → Nonviolent civil rights movement → Rise of Feminism → Vietnam War → Student protesters held large demonstrations against the war → Nixon enforced Vietnamization in order to remove American troops from Vietnam
 * 1960 - 1975 **
 * founding of Ms; women's magazine
 * formation of NOW (National organization for Women)
 * //The Feminine Mystique// written by Betty Friedan
 * Tet offensive: revealed that the officials were less than candid with the American people on the progress of the war
 * formation of SDS (Students for a Democratic Society)

→ Nixon crafted new relationships with China and the Soviet Union → Watergate Affair: Nixon resigned → Ford's presidency → President Carter → Reagan practiced "supply-side" economics
 * 1968 - 1988 politics **
 * struggled from huge economic problems: inflation and unemployment
 * signed Panama Canal treaty
 * Invest heavily in economy, purchase stocks, open new factories, buy more consumer goods
 * benefited the American economy and also helped create large deficits
 * increased gap between the wealthy and the poor

→ George Bush → skillfully managed the "Desert Storm" → Bill Clinton
 * 1988 - 2000 **
 * "no new taxes" pledge
 * emphasized economic recovery in his presidential campaign
 * failure on national health insurance
 * globalization

→ 9/11 gave a huge impact on foreign policy and perceived role in the world → unity and strength in time of war vs. desire for individual liberty : major division in public opinion during the Iraq war → rise of neo-conservatives: who wanted to remake the Middle Eastern region into a democracy; believed Sadaam Hussien had to be removed from power in Iraq → Many Americans questioned the purpose of American efforts in Iraq → Bush partially achieved in decreasing federal budget and taxes → Hurricane Katrina caused many to doubt effectiveness of the federal government's leadership in confronting serious disasters  1950 - Present Multiple Choice Questions 1950 - Present Multiple Choice Questions 1. Consumer spending increased in the 1950s because of all of the following except a. many Americans were purchasing stock b. many Americans were buying appliances for their homes c. many families were buying automobiles d. many Americans were buying homes e. advertising had a major impact on the American consumer A: Americans were buying consumer goods in the postwar era. Many had moneybut not goods to buy in WWII. The purchase of stock would become pronounced only after this post-WWII buying spree ended. 2. The most imprtant impact of television on viewers of the early 1950s was that a. it provided them with comedies that allowed them to forget the difficult years of the 1950s b. it allowed them to receive the latest news of the day c. it imposed a sense of conformity on American society d. it fostered a growing youth culture e. it allowed viewers to view the realities of communism in the Soviet Union C: TV viewers could get comedies and news on the radio There was little on television in the early 50s that specifically appealed to youth. 3. The membership rolls of Students for a Democratic Society were at an all-time high when a. the struggles of the civil rights movement in the Soouth were shown on national television b. Nixon invaded Cambodia c. Nixon intensified the bombing to its highest leves of the war in 1972 d. more young men were being sent to Vietnam between 1965 and 1967 e. the organization began to plan violent acts against the government D: by the time of the invasion of Cambodia and the massive bombing at the end of the war, SDS had split into factions. The civil rights movement attracted a relatively small number of new members to SDS. 4. According to supply-side economics, when wealthy Americans received tax cuts, they would proceed to do all but which of the following: a. Invest heavily in the economy b. open new factories c. purchase stocks d. Increase their savings dramatically e. buy more consumer goods D: the key to supply and side economics is that when tax cuts give individuals large amounts of money, they will reinvest that money in the economy. 5. Critics of Ronald Reagan would most emphasize a. the relationship between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987 and 1988 b. the effects of the 1981-1983 tax cuts c. the U.S. response to threats from Libya d. the effects of Reagan's economic policies on the middle and lower classes e. his public image and political skills D: The 1981 to 1983 tax cuts did help bring down inflation; at this same tiem, employment possibilities increased. Compared to the wealthiest Americans, the middle and lower classes experienced little benefit from Reagan’s economic policies, especially from the tax cuts of the second term. 6. All of the following were reasons for the end of the Cold war except a. the US military buildup under Ronald Reagan b. the fact that many producers of military weaponry in the US did not want to continue to produce this weaponry c. the weaknesses of the Soviet economy d. the Cold War rhetoric of both Ronald Reagan and George Bush e. the tremendous costs of the Soviet Union of continuing to control satellite countries B: Most manufacturers had no desire to stop producing weaponry for the Cold War. When the Cold War finally ended, many of these companies were forced to lay off workers, and some that could not diversify were forced to close.
 * 2001 - 2006 **
 * cut income taxes: favored wealthy

7. In his expressed desire to expand democracy to the Middle East, President Bush can be equated with which twentieth century president that wanted to expand American concepts of freedom and democracy to Europe and other parts of the world? a. Woodrow Wilson b. Franklin Roosevelt c. Dwight Eisenhower d. Lyndon Johnson

A: several observers have noted the similarity between President bush’s desire to spread democracy in the Middle East with Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, which proposed the creation of a more democratic and freer Europe and world after World War I.

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