Civil+Rights+G+African+Americans+Youngha+Jay

FRQ: African Americans had more success in the 1960s than they did in the 1950s when it came to civil rights. Assess the validity of this statement.

1955- Rosa Park is fingerprinted before entering jail for refusing to sit at the back of the bus during the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

1957- Elizabeth Eckford of the Little Rock Nine after the repeal of Brown vs. Board of Education

1961- Black and white students support each other in the Freedom Summer.

1961- Bus set on fire in Alabama as Freedom Riders observe the scene.

1963- 250,000 people participate in the March on Washington. Site of King's famous speech.

1964- Lyndon Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which outlawed discrimination in schools, public places, and at the workplace.

1968- Tommie Smith and John Carlos show Black Power with their black gloves, courtesy of the generous white man picture left.

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//Brown v. Board of Education//, 1954
Main article: [|Brown v. Board of Education] On May 17, 1954, the [|United States Supreme Court] handed down its decision regarding the case called //Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas//, in which the plaintiffs charged that the education of black children in separate public schools from their white counterparts was unconstitutional. The opinion of the Court stated that the "segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law; for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group." The Court ruled that both [|Plessy v. Ferguson](1896), which had established the segregationist, "separate but equal" standard in general, and [|Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education] (1899), which had applied that standard to schools, were unconstitutional. The following year, in the case known as //Brown v. Board of Education//, the Court ordered segregation to be phased out over time, "with all deliberate speed".[|[4]] 

[[|edit]] Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955–1956
Main articles: [|Rosa Parks] and [|Montgomery Bus Boycott] On December 1, 1955, [|Rosa Parks] (the "mother of the Civil Rights Movement") refused to give up her seat on a public bus to make room for a white passenger. She was secretary of the Montgomery NAACP chapter and had recently returned from a meeting at the [|Highlander Center] in Tennessee where nonviolent civil disobedience as a strategy had been discussed. Parks was arrested, tried, and convicted for disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance. After word of this incident reached the black community, 50 African-American leaders gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott to demand a more humane bus transportation system. However, after any reforms were rejected the NAACP, led by E.D. Nixon, pushed for full desegregation of public buses. With the support of most of Montgomery's 50,000 African Americans, the boycott lasted for 381 days until the local ordinance segregating African-Americans and whites on public buses was lifted. Ninety percent of African Americans in Montgomery took part in the boycotts, which reduced bus revenue by 80%. A federal court ordered Montgomery's buses desegregated in November 1956, and the boycott ended in triumph. (W. Chafe, //The Unfinished Journey//) A young Baptist minister named [|Martin Luther King, Jr.], was president of the Montgomery Improvement Association, the organization that directed the boycott. The protest made King a national figure. His eloquent appeals to Christian brotherhood and American idealism created a positive impression on people both inside and outside the South. 

[[|edit]] Desegregating Little Rock, 1957
Main article: [|Little Rock Nine] Troops from the [|327th Regiment, 101st Airborne] escorting the Little Rock Nine up the steps of Central High [|Little Rock, Arkansas], was in a relatively progressive Southern state. A crisis erupted, however, when [|Governor of Arkansas] [|Orval Faubus] called out the [|National Guard] on September 4 to prevent entry to the [|nine African-American students] who had sued for the right to attend an integrated school, [|Little Rock Central High School].[|[5]] The nine students had been chosen to attend Central High because of their excellent grades. On the first day of school, only one of the nine students showed up because she did not receive the phone call about the danger of going to school. She was harassed by white protesters outside the school, and the police had to take her away in a patrol car to protect her. Afterwards, the nine students had to carpool to school and be escorted by military personnel in [|jeeps]. Faubus was not a proclaimed segregationist. The Arkansas Democratic Party, which then controlled politics in the state, put significant pressure on Faubus after he had indicated he would investigate bringing Arkansas into compliance with the //Brown// decision. Faubus then took his stand against integration and against the Federal court order that required it. Faubus' order received the attention of President [|Dwight D. Eisenhower], who was determined to enforce the orders of the Federal courts. Critics had charged he was lukewarm, at best, on the goal of desegregation of public schools. Eisenhower federalized the [|National Guard] and ordered them to return to their barracks. Eisenhower then deployed elements of the [|101st Airborne Division] to Little Rock to protect the students. The students were able to attend high school. They had to pass through a gauntlet of spitting, jeering whites to arrive at school on their first day, and to put up with harassment from fellow students for the rest of the year. Although federal troops escorted the students between classes, the students were still teased and even attacked by white students when the soldiers weren't around. One of the Little Rock Nine, [|Minnijean Brown], was expelled for spilling a bowl of chili on the head of a white student who was harassing her in the school lunch line. Only one of the Little Rock Nine, [|Ernest Green], got the chance to graduate; after the 1957-58 school year was over, the Little Rock school system decided to shut public schools completely rather than continue to integrate. Other school systems across the South followed suit. 

[[|edit]]
=== BGK

Thesis: 8 good, clear thesis that makes sense and answers the question almost completely

Facts: 7 you included all of the facts that we gave but none of your own

Analysis: 6 not too much analysis going on but the analysis you made were quite well done

EEHO- When it comes to civil rights, the period from the 50’s to the 60’s was a crucial point with many adversaries for the blacks. These difficulties with the police and in many different boycotts of the 50’s eventually led to a brighter decade in the 60’s where the same movement evolved more into the mainstream and black people were more accepted by whites. It’s difficult to say that one decade was more successful than the other, the more progressive and liberal agenda of the 60’s allowed for the civil rights movement. With World War 2 still fresh on people’s minds, the maltreatment of the blacks back in the United States drew many comparisons to the enemies of the war, and a select few in the 1950’s were inspired to make equality between the races a possibility and a grassroots movement inspired by the nonviolent protests of Gandhi became popular. For example in 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat for white people, and as the news of her action spread, people started to enact boycotts and similar disobedient acts to protest the racist situation. The late fifties were full of struggles, with new ideas like integration in schools, and walk-ins causing many battles within the government and between the people. This movement of the 50’s was not in vain, but the extremities of racism at the time led to a more radical approach in the 60’s in the form of the Black Panther “black power” movement. This was led by people like Malcolm X, who had observed Martin Luther King Jr. and his approach, and decided that was not the way to fight for equality. X stressed that violence can be necessary in certain situations, in much contrast to Dr. King. But it was the mainstream movement of the sixties showed that the struggles were nearly over. In 1964, segregation of public facilities was outlawed by Lyndon Johnson, and young people were captured by the eloquence of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Little had changed from the 50’s however, except that the audience had opened their ears and minds. The success of the sixties was a consequence of the many struggles of the fifties, and these two decades combined to form a more open minded United States of America that we know today. When it comes to civil rights, the period from the 50’s to the 60’s was a crucial point with many adversaries for the blacks. These difficulties with the police and in many different boycotts of the 50’s eventually led to a brighter decade in the 60’s where the same movement evolved more into the mainstream and black people were more accepted by whites. It’s difficult to say that one decade was more successful than the other, the more progressive and liberal agenda of the 60’s allowed for the civil rights movement. With World War 2 still fresh on people’s minds, the maltreatment of the blacks back in the United States drew many comparisons to the enemies of the war, and a select few in the 1950’s were inspired to make equality between the races a possibility and a grassroots movement inspired by the nonviolent protests of Gandhi became popular. For example in 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat for white people, and as the news of her action spread, people started to enact boycotts and similar disobedient acts to protest the racist situation. The late fifties were full of struggles, with new ideas like integration in schools, and walk-ins causing many battles within the government and between the people. This movement of the 50’s was not in vain, but the extremities of racism at the time led to a more radical approach in the 60’s in the form of the Black Panther “black power” movement. This was led by people like Malcolm X, who had observed Martin Luther King Jr. and his approach, and decided that was not the way to fight for equality. X stressed that violence can be necessary in certain situations, in much contrast to Dr. King. But it was the mainstream movement of the sixties showed that the struggles were nearly over. In 1964, segregation of public facilities was outlawed by Lyndon Johnson, and young people were captured by the eloquence of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Little had changed from the 50’s however, except that the audience had opened their ears and minds. The success of the sixties was a consequence of the many struggles of the fifties, and these two decades combined to form a more open minded United States of America that we know today.

Thesis: 6 doesn't really answer the question too well

Facts: 9 great use of facts, especially since you included your own such as the black panther movement

Analysis: 8 great analysis. enough said

FRQ should: