IR+Toondoo+B+Jennifer+N.+Stella+Ryan+Lisa


 * Chapter 1: Before the Revolution**

- Rural society (Europeans and Americans) and agriculture - Small work shops, merchants, markets - Shoemaking, producing carpets - Peasants managed to survive on small plots of land / farms - Women and men tended to be relatively equal economic partners (flexible division of labor) similar in Sweden, Japan, Eastern Europe - Each family produced surpluses of agricultural produce - Indentured servants agreed to work for a fixed term to pay off debts North America, Caribbean: African / African-Americans on plantations (cotton, tobacco, sugar cane etc) a lot of work hands - Proto-industrial: entrepreneurs accumulated the capital that would allow them to eventually build factories in Britain - 18th century: processed wool (home-based productions) led to large market - agricultural revolution: provided source of labor, improvements in transportation and commerce, banking, finance, free trade - people worked in cottage industries (home)

The accumulation of money, to invest in industry, gradual abolition of restrictions on products and commerce, beginning of improvements in transportation agricultural change: essential for the Industrial Revolution to occur

- many woman contributed income from spinning wheels but the machines in factories limited them - revolution began in England - before 1760, majority of artisans labored in own houses- jenny and mule
 * flax**: plant grown commonly in North America & Europe, make thread

- passing skills down from one generation to the next, in urban areas powerful **guild** regulated the training of workers and the quality and prices of goods- women occasionally became guild members - At the end of their training, apprentices had to make a “masterpiece” to demonstrate their competence in their trade (locksmith, lorimer (horse equipment maker), gun maker, clockmaker) - master of the craft and assessor will inspect and judge the work after. - Although some guilds continued to operate in spite of Turgot’s edict, they were finally outlawed once and for all during the French Revolution of 1789 - Anne Robert Jacques Turgot served as finance minister under King Louis XVI- was popular for abolishing guilds, paving the way for innovation, abolishing tax exemptions enjoyed by the nobles - all towns of the Kingdom had the practice of different arts and crafts with small number of masters - despite legislation banning guilds, they continued to function in France (1789-99), didn’t disappear until legislation in 1792 (Le Chapelier law) - French women supporting home-based garment trades appealed to the king to protect monopoly of sewing

- Labor Bondage: disappearance of guilds freed most white European workers from constraints on their mobility and trailing- but not all workers labored freely - Africans, African Americans = slaves in plantations of American South- low wages- Serfdom: Europe and Russia- workers were bought and sold and had no legal rights unlike slavery

-Rural Revolution: Enterprising landlords threw up fences around common lands in England by 1815 land owners fenced off and many landless peasants who were deprived of common land for pasturing animals pr planting (David Davies’ essay written: process and reflection on miserable state of rural laborers) Early 19th century: German landlords took advantage of new knowledge of agriculture and husbandry throughout Europe and practiced new methods such as crop rotation (**Johann Elsner Gottdried**: authority on sheep farming)- written improvements made by a farmer some rich landowners practiced enclosures fir raising sheep, flax.. &employed workers on their estates in small “manufactories” (**Reverend Arthur Young**: wrote about development in his travel diary)

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