Italian+Fascism+D

=ASHLEY KIM AND JENNY LEE =

1. **Powerful and Continuing Nationalism -** Fascist regimes tend to make constant use of patriotic mottos, slogans, symbols, songs, and other paraphernalia. Flags are seen everywhere, as are flag symbols on clothing and in public displays. Patriotic mottos: IL POPOLO D’ITALIA Slogan: SHEAF Symbol: Skull They were asked to gather and fight for the triumph of national values and against internationalism Organizations to create and forge new ideal Italians

2. **Disdain for the Recognition of Human Rights** - Because of fear of enemies and the need for security, the people in fascist regimes are persuaded that human rights can be ignored in certain cases because of "need." The people tend to look the other way or even approve of torture, summary executions, assassinations, long incarcerations of prisoners, etc. They do not like equality which is a basic human right They did not believe and pursuit of individual happiness They destroyed and annihilated people’s homes PHYSICALLY. Not mentally

3. **Identification of Enemies/Scapegoats as a Unifying Cause** - The people are rallied into a unifying patriotic frenzy over the need to eliminate a perceived common threat or foe: racial, ethnic or religious minorities; liberals; communists; socialists, terrorists, etc. They didn’t like liberals They hated the workers movements Murder of Matteotti Racist: Jews and populations of older and newer colonies

4. **Supremacy of the Military** - Even when there are widespread domestic problems, the military is given a disproportionate amount of government funding, and the domestic agenda is neglected. Soldiers and military service are glamorized. The beautiful man who is macho, virile, violent, a war machine, and dumb: the arditi Their basic aim is to hit the enemy and ANNIALATE him physically

5. **Rampant Sexism** - The governments of fascist nations tend to be almost exclusively male-dominated. Under fascist regimes, traditional gender roles are made more rigid. Divorce, abortion and homosexuality are suppressed and the state is represented as the ultimate guardian of the family institution. They like emancipated virile women who attends to her virtuous female duties with dignity and courage and supports her man with pride Women in awe of men

6. **Controlled Mass Media** - Sometimes to media is directly controlled by the government, but in other cases, the media is indirectly controlled by government regulation, or sympathetic media spokespeople and executives. Censorship, especially in war time, is very common. Censorship: they wanted to kill the newspaper headquarters

7. **Obsession with National Security** - Fear is used as a motivational tool by the government over the masses.

=**BY MINHEE AND ALLISON :)** = On the 11th of February 1929, Mussolini and the Secretary of the Vatican State sign a pact that ends the division between State and Church. According to the same pact, the Catholic religion becomes State religion. In exchange, the fascist State demands control over the Catholic associations, and wants to have a voice in the business of the Church (nominations etc.).
 * 8. Religion and Government are Intertwined**

In 1929, Italy was hit hard by the Great Depression. The government also issued new securities to provide a source of credit for the banks and began enlisting the help of various cartels (consorzi) that had been created by Italian business leaders since 1922. The government offered recognition and support to these organizations in exchange for promises that they would manipulate prices in accordance with government priorities. A number of mixed entities were formed, called instituti or enti nazionali, whose purpose it was to bring together representatives of the government and of the major businesses. These representatives discussed economic policy and manipulated prices and wages so as to satisfy both the wishes of the government and the wishes of business. The government considered this arrangement to be a success, and Italian Fascists soon began to pride themselves on this outcome, saying they had survived the Great Depression without infringing on private property. These armed "groups" or "teams" physically attack the institutions of the workers’ movement: they set fire and destroy the "CASE DEL POPOLO" (people’s houses), the newspapers’ headquarters and those of the Trade Unions. Children were required to use these notebooks with colored Fascist cartoons and quotations from Mussolini on the front and back. Two are for instruction in French; the third seems concerned with penmanship or simple composition.
 * 9. Corporate Power is Protected**
 * 10. Labor Power is Suppressed**
 * 11. Disdain for Intellectuals and the Arts**

From the early spring of 1921, the Fascists, the Black Shirts, carried out a systematic terrorist campaign against the Socialist and Communist groups. During 1922 the Fascists and Communists fought bitter street battles against each other. The government army officers were friendly to the Fascists and equipped the Fascists with arms. Very soon, armed Fascists were ruling some small towns with tacit approval from the government and the property class. There is often a national police force with virtually unlimited power in fascist nations. There was Corruption because the people did not free speech and the ones in power wanted power amongst themselves
 * 12. Obsession with Crime and Punishment**
 * 13. Rampant Cronyism and Corruption**

They controlled the elections by bribing the voters. Once they were in power, they were more interested in making personal gains for themselves than in solving the social and economic problems of the people. As a result, by 1914 Italy remained a poor and backward country. The franchise was limited to 2.5 per cent of the population until after the election of 1913. Industrial progress was slow. Moreover, Italy was poor in natural resources and lack of fertile land. Many of the farm labourers were landless and were often unemployed. Thus millions of Italians were forced to emigrate abroad.
 * 14. Fraudulent Elections**