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=**Pre-Columbian-1749**=

=**The Beginning: Before the New World was called the //New World//**=

Native peoples of the Americas on the eve of European contact When the Europeans arrived in the New World, they found advanced civilizations with great cities, religious centers, irrigation systems, road networks, and commerce.
 * The Mayas of the Yucatan Peninsula and Central America
 * The Aztecs of the central plateaus of present day Mexico
 * The Incas of the Andes Mountains

Europe and the background of exploration
 * Age of Exploration: The desire for an all-water route to the Far East led to the Age of Exploration and the ultimate discovery of the New World.
 * Treaty of Tordesillas: Signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494. This divided the world between them: a line drawn north to south marking the dividing line of Spanish and Portuguese exploration
 * Conquistadors: The Conquerers and their enforcement of encomiendas
 * St. Augustine, in what is present day Florida, was settled by the Spanish in 1565, and became the oldest permanent European settlement in the land that is today the US.


 * Africa and the Slave Trade**
 * Africans were first bought by the Portuguese to search for gold in the areas under exploration.
 * However, ended up working in the sugar plantations in the West Indies (Source of labour)

=**The Colonial Period**=

**The time was ripe for some empire building: The British Ascendency towards World Domination.**
== ==
 * The defear of the Spanish Armada
 * The British difficulties with the Irish ended by the early 1600s. The catholic Irish were crushed by the Protestant British.
 * Existence of feudal laws as Primogeniture
 * Joint stock company

Types of Colonies:
 * Proprietary: owned by a person or a group who appointed the governor for the colony,
 * Royal: controlled by the crown
 * Self-governing: chose their own governors but still functioned under the auspices of the king.

==**JAMESTOWN: Virginia Company, a joint stock company, receives a charter to settle in the new world. Founded in 1607 at the mouth of the Chesapeake, it became the oldest permanent English settlement in North America.**== == == ==**PLYMOUTH: Separatist Puritans left England for Holland, where they hoped to practice their religion without the threat of James I. However, they were dissatisfied with life in Holland because they feared their children were becoming 'dutchified.' Leaving Plymouth, England, the separatists came to the New World with their families and strong religious beliefs abroad the //Mayflower//.**== == ==
 * //Critical Period// at the settlement
 * Mayflower Compact

=**FORMATION OF THE THIRTEEN COLONIES**=

SOUTHERN COLONIES:
 * Virginia
 * Maryland
 * North Carolina
 * South Carolina
 * Georgia**

VIRGINIA: Growing out of the Jamestown settlement, Virginia was a proprietary colony until 1624 when it became a royal colony.
 * John Rolfe
 * Leading producer of tobacco (one-crop economy)
 * Headright system
 * Increase in the number of Indentured servants
 * Nathaniel Bacon and Bacon's Rebellion
 * helped turn the tide toward large-scale slavery in the colony
 * House of Burgesses (1619)
 * Male landowners would represent the interests of the colony

MARYLAND: Settled by Lord Baltimore in 1634 as a proprietary colony and a haven for Catholics
 * Headright system

CAROLINAS: Founded in 1670, Carolina was estblished as a proprietary colony for the purpose of supplying food to the sugar plantations in Barbados and silk, wine, and olive oil to England.
 * Charles Town (Charleston) became the leading port city of the South
 * Rice became the cash crop of Carolina
 * North Carolina was considered to be irreligious and defiant (Spirit of independence)

GEORGIA: Founded in 1733, Georgia was the last colony to be founded in the New World.
 * James Oglethrope sought to create a refuge for imprisoned debtors
 * A defensive buffer from both the Spanish in Florida and the French in Louisiana.

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
 * Massachusetts Bay Colony
 * Rhode Island
 * Connecticut
 * New Hampshire

MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY: The 'Bible Commonwealth'
 * Founded by Puritans who desired to reform the Church of England from within and to practice their religion freely.
 * Great Migration of the 1630s
 * John Winthrop, the colony's first governor, established a theocracy
 * Calvinist Church
 * Salem Witch trials took place in Salem, Massachusetts

RHODE ISLAND: Manhood sufferage
 * Founded by Roger Williams
 * Banished from Mass. because he disagreed with the colony's policy of no compensation for land acquired from the Native Indians.
 * Manhood sufferage

CONNECTICUT:
 * Founded as a royal colony
 * Hartford was founded by Thomas Hooker
 * New Haven was founded by discontented Bay Puritans in 1638.
 * Fundamental Order of Connecticut
 * considered the first written constitution in the New world.
 * Blue laws

NEW HAMPSHIRE:
 * Absorbed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1641,
 * Was granted a royal charter in 1679

THE MIDDLE COLONIES
 * New York
 * Pennsylvania
 * New Jersey
 * Delaware

NEW YORK:
 * The Dutch East India Company created the first Dutch permanent settlement in New Netherlands, with the purchase of Manhattan Island.
 * The Dutch sent Peter Stuyvesant, who successfully secured the colony for the Cutch.
 * However, in 1664, Charles II gave a land grant of this area to his brother, the Duke of York
 * Peter Stuyvesant surrendered to the Duke, hence the name change to New York

PENNSYLVANIA
 * Religious dissenters known as Quakers sprang up in England.
 * Practiced pacifism, the nonviolent means of achieving goals
 * William Penn embraced the Quaker faith and petitioned the king for a place for these Quakers to settle so that they could practice their beliefs freely.
 * attracted settlers with its liberal land policies and high tolerance for differences among people.
 * Philadelphia, the city of brotherly love

NEW JERSEY
 * West New Jersey
 * East New Jersey

DELAWARE
 * Founded by Swedes, Delaware was under the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania until the American Revolution

=IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT:=
 * =Geographical conditions, motivations for settlement, and religious values contributed to the variety of political, social and economic developments within the British colonies in America.=
 * =Intercolonial trade developed=
 * =__British government implemented a policy of salutary neglect, the foundation of future conflicts between England and the colonies began to form.__=

=Development of the Colonies=


 * The policy of Salutary Neglect left the colonists free to develop in their own style.
 * Hence, the colonies developed into a socially mobile society.
 * This afforded them the ability to improve their positions.
 * Great Awakening began in Massachusetts
 * Jonathan Edwards-- Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
 * George Whitefield
 * Old Lights
 * New Lights (Fire and Brimstone Type)
 * New Lights Universities: Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth