IR+Toondoo+B+Jenny+P.+Youngkyu+Claire

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- The guild system→ conservative, passed down skills - Rural society → families farmed - Women and men relatively equal economic partners - Slaves in America that produced cotton was essential in industrial rev - Ppl in rural areas produce goods and sell it to merchants (proto-industrial) - Parliament force ppl to be farmers or workers→ produced source of labor - Gradual abolition of restrictions on production and commerce - Improvements in transportation and agricultural change - Accumulation of money/capital - Domestic Manufacture→ making goods in home - Invention of machines - Guilds regulate quality and price of goods - During French Rev guilds were outlawed (1789)→ step toward economic freedom - New farming method→ crop rotation, enclosure - Agricultural revolution→ rotated crops b/w fields, used fertilizer, better care of his livestock - More demand→ # of ppl growing - Natural resources/new energy source - Forcing rural farmers in urban → urbanization - The presence of slaves o Indentured servants→ pay debt for coming to the New World (low wages work for a certain time) o Serfdom→ agreed to work for a fixed term for wages, had legal rights

Before Industrial Revolution (1750s) Cottage Industry Agricultural Revolution (at the same time of the Cottage Industry) Improvements in Transportation and commerce, banking/finance Rural areas before industrial revolution Period before domination of factories Urban Areas Disappearance of guilds Rural Revolution
 * • Europe and America’s trading industries improved
 * • Artisans made shoes, carpets, furniture, etc of high quality
 * • Industrial Revolution started in the countryside
 * o Farmers lived in small houses and wove cloth, made straw hats/baskets, produced small animals, poultry, cheese, butter, eggs
 * • Division of labor between men/women were equal in both urban/rural places
 * • Slaves in plantations, especially indentured slaves, did the plantation labor (cotton production)
 * • Britain, France, Spain merchants gain profit (later become essential for industrial revolution)
 * • Early form of industrial activity
 * • 1350~1750
 * • Rural household members manufactured goods at home and sold them to merchants – proto-industrial
 * • Also took form in Europe & America
 * • For example
 * o Women grew plant “flax” and spun it into linen thread and then into cloth in America and Ireland
 * o Rural women in France/England raised sheep, spun wool
 * o Merchants who bought the manufactured goods gained profit
 * • Landlords enclosed common land used by peasants to pasture their animals
 * o Forced rural peasants to find new jobs in city as laborers
 * • Allow goods to bet traded easily and capital to circulate freely
 * • Farming, small-scale manufacturing
 * • Martha Ballard
 * o Combined medicine, farming, cloth production
 * • Peter Gaskall
 * o Surgeon, observer of industrial change
 * o Described pattern of home-based manufacture in England
 * • Artisans and Machinery
 * • Workers had more independence and control of their own trade when working in their own homes than in factories
 * • Hard work built character and made men manly
 * • Guilds regulated training of workers and quality and prices of goods
 * • Women didn’t often become member of guilds
 * o Craftsmen employed small # of apprentices, exclusion of women made it hard for them to learn trades
 * • Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
 * o Finance minister under King Louis XVI
 * o Issues banning guilds
 * o Believed guilds stood in way of economic progress
 * o Le Chapelier law outlawed all forms of worker and trade associations
 * • Freed white workers from labor
 * • Africans & African Americans worked as slaved on plantations of South of America
 * • Indentured servants faced labor bondage
 * • Indentured servitude where workers agreed to work for a certain amount of time for wages
 * o Labor bondage
 * • Landlords threw up common lands for everyone
 * • Enclosures: sanctioning of the process throwing up fences
 * • Peasants hired themselves as laborers, migrated to cities
 * • Rural laborers had miserable conditions
 * • By beginning of 19th century, farmers produced more food, could feed more people in urban areas
 * • Landowners in England produced flax, practiced enclosures for raising sheep, employed workers on their estates in manufactories to spin fibers into linen thread