UNIT+7+--+NATIONALISM

Unit Objectives

 * Patterns of nationalism, state-building, and social reform in Europe and the Americas, 1830-1914.
 *   The student understands how modern nationalism affected European politics and society.
 * Identify major characteristics of 19th-century European nationalism and analyze connections between nationalist ideology and the French Revolution, Romanticism, and liberal reform movements.
 * Analyze causes of the revolutions of 1848 and why these revolutions failed to achieve nationalist and democratic objectives.
 * Describe the unification of Germany and Italy and analyze why these movements succeeded.
 * Assess the importance of nationalism as a source of tension and conflict in the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires.

Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 (2/1)
Welcome to the Congress of Vienna! We have invited you here from all across Europe to make peace after the Napoleonic Wars. As you can tell from our Congress map, Napoleon made quite a mess of our continent. He shattered borders and basically called Europe, France. Now, we need to work together to recreate our countries and forge a lasting peace in Europe. Here is some background info to get you started on this hefty challenge:

The major powers in Europe by the late 1700s consisted of Britain, France, Prussia, Austria and Russia. Poland, Ottoman Empire and the Netherlands were powers in decline. Most of central Europe was divided into small states who could be dominated by the major powers. French support for Poland had previously limited Russia, Prussia and Austria in their desire to take Polish territory. When war with France broke out in the early 1790s, Poland was divided between the three powers: Prussia seized West and North Poland, Austria annexed South Poland and Russia took East Poland. French military successes in the late 1790s resulted in France annexing the Austrian Netherlands and Palatinate. By 1803, Napoleon had added the Italian areas of Piedmont and Parma to his empire. A series of French victories from 1805 to 1809 over Austria, Prussia and Russia resulted in the total restructuring of central Europe. The Netherlands, Munster, Oldenburg, Hanover and Tuscany were all incorporated into the French Empire. Croatia and Tyrol were taken from Austria with Croatia being annexed into the French Empire. The Grand Duchy of Warsaw was created by taking South Poland from Austria and both West and North Poland from Prussia. After Napoleon's disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812, Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia formed a coalition that defeated Napoleon in 1814 and again in 1815.
 * HISTORY**

[|MapsofEuropeearly1800s.ppt] The map is set up to show what Europe looked like during the height of Napoleons' power in 1810. The map is separated into two sections: 1. French Territories and 2. French Dependents.
 * MAP [[image:file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Jason/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.jpg]]**

For the purpose of clarity in this simulation, the area that constituted Poland just prior to the French Revolution has been identified as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. You will need to create make believe lines that will separate Warsaw into four sections of North, South, East and West. The boundaries of these regions are based on how Poland was divided by Prussia, Austria and Russia in 1793 and 1795. Similarly, to facilitate the simulation, some of the small German and Italian states have been consolidated and labeled with regional names.


 * DIRECTIONS**

Students will be divided into small work groups. Each group will receive a Map of Europe and an Options Sheet, listing the various choices available for consideration at the Congress of Vienna. Each group will consider the various options in light of the four goals listed below and come to a consensus decision as to which options should be selected. Information concerning the history, language, religion, ethnic composition and economic development of areas can be obtained from the instructor. Only the last item is really relevant to the goals listed below. The actual participants at the Congress of Vienna ignored the first four issues as part of their rejection of nationalism. Decisions will be recorded on the Options Sheet and notes can be written there or in the Work Area below. The instructor will select a member of the group to report the group decisions and the logic behind them. Other members of the class will be called upon to critique the decisions.

[|CONGRESS OF VIENNA.doc]

1. Reward victorious allies Russia, Prussia and Austria. (Britain is rewarded with some islands in the Caribbean.)
 * GOALS**

2. Reestablish a "Balance of Power" between the five major powers: Russia, Austria, Prussia, Britain and France.

3. Provide for the containment of France in the future.

4. Reestablish the French monarchy and provide for good relations with the new French government.

How may the delegates contain and make peace with France? Prevent future wars in Europe? Establish strong stable governments in Europe? After 15 minutes, a 1-2 minute proposal speech must be delivered to the delegation by one person/team. Students will vote on proposals and comment on the speeches.

[| Conservatism Liberalism Radicalism.doc]
 * Reading Homework:** //MWH// 229-232; In addition, read the following explanations of conservatism, liberalism and radicalism. Understand main points of those philosophies and the reading.

Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 Overview

 * Goals:**

1. Prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries 2. Restore a “balance of power” between European countries 3. Restore Europe’s royal families to the thrones they held before Napoleon’s conquest


 * Member States:** Prussia, Russia, Austria, Britain and France


 * Process:**


 * Scheduled to last 4 weeks; lasted 8 months
 * Decisions made in secret between “five great powers”
 * Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria took the lead in decision-making
 * Distrust of goals of the French Revolution due to anarchy that ensued in France
 * Emphasized stability of laws


 * Containment of France**


 * Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic became Kingdom of the Netherlands
 * 39 German states were loosely joined as German Confederation, dominated by Austria
 * Switzerland became an independent nation
 * Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy added Genoa
 * Allowed other European countries to contain France and prevent it from attacking/overpowering other nations.


 * Balance of Power**


 * Did not want to overpunish France out of fear of revenge or creating another superpower elsewhere in Europe
 * France maintained borders of 1790
 * France retained most overseas possessions, army and independent government
 * Europe had major powers, but no superpower.


 * Legitimacy**


 * Former kings should be restored to their thrones
 * Believed that monarchs would stabilize political relations among nations


 * Outcomes**


 * Fair treatment overall of participating countries
 * First time ever that nations of a continent met to stabilize continent’s political affairs
 * Agreed to come to each other’s aid in case of threats to peace
 * Maintained peace for almost 50 years in Europe

After the fall of Napoleon's Empire, a new era emerged through the a course of multilateral negotiations. It was decided by European countries that it was unacceptable to have one nation rule with absolute power over the region. This took place during the Congress of Vienna. As a reminder you can watch the student-made video on this event or [|click on the link] for more in-depth information. There were many decisions that were made throughout the proceeding but the one I want us to focus on is the idea of balance of power. What is balance of power? Let's think of it this way:

media type="file" key="Balance of Power.mov" width="246" height="246"

1. **Discuss:** Conservatism, Liberalism and Radicalism Articles and make a chart comparing and contrasting their similarities and differences. 2. **Debate:** Why do you think conservatism wins out more than liberalism/radicalism? (Choose different students than last class to debate. Discuss good speech skills.) 3. **Reading:** 233-238; Nationalism and Nation-Building 4. Write nationalistic poetry by taking on the perspective of a conservative, liberal or radical in the country of Germany or Italy. You must write your poem as if you are living in that time period. Also use historical facts within the poem. Your country and political affiliation will be assigned to you.
 * Before reading think about this question: Why did nationalism unite some countries and disunite others? Use Germany and Italy as a case study.

1. Finish your poems.
 * Homework:**

2. The idea of balance of power was very successful because Europe went through a period of relative peace for 60 years. This was unheard of for the region as wars between kingdoms and principalities were frequent. Before the Congress of Vienna, armies had traditionally hired mercenaries from other parts of Europe. Based on the balance of power that had arisen, nations started to build small armies that were made of local citizens, and a feeling of pride started to establish itself. Now spend ten minutes listening to excerpts of a lecture that was given by Dr.David Kalivas from Middlesex Community College and take notes so that you can later understand the role nationalism plays moving forward.

media type="file" key="Speech by Dr. Kalivas.mp3" width="135" height="135"

3. Study your notes from the readings.

Five Factors of Nationalism
Even though the diversity of political competition was an important part of the creation of the nation-state there were other factors that also contributed. Today we will look at these factors.


 * 1. __The Blank Slate Factor__:** When creating the nation-state there were no rules as to how it should be done. The only factor that had to be kept in mind was the social contract in which governing bodies and those with power would have to agree with the new rules that would fuse the state together. How nation-states were built comes in a variety of packages. Think about the difference between the French (revolution against the social structure), Greeks (revolution against an occupier), Germany (nationalism and military might) and Italy (political "diplomacy" and conquering). Think of these nations as a phoenix in the fact that the old form died and out of the ashes a new form of political and cultural ideology was created within the similar landscape.


 * 2. Nationalism:** We should all know this by now, but basically it is the feeling of intense pride of your nation's identity. Even though politically this is important, one cannot overlook how nationalism redefined the military. People were now fighting in the name of their country in which their relatives, friends, colleagues and respected superiors all resided. To fight with passion and purpose would change the world's history forever.


 * 3. Shift of World Powers:** After the Vienna Conference in 1815, the major powers in the region were Austria, Russia, France, Great Brittain, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire. By the end of Prussian unification into Deutschland (or modern-day Germany), it was clear that Great Britain and Germany were far ahead of the rest world (1871). Germany was an up and coming industrialized state with a very strong military. Great Britain was the oldest industrialized state and had a superior navy. Nations such as the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungarian Empire were having revolts within their borders because of the nationalism movement taking place throughout Europe. The idea of an Empire was slowly becoming more of a way to lose power instead of achieve it.


 * 4. The Romantic Movement:** You have all studied the Romantic Movement in English class, so let's take a couple of minutes and think about what you learned. Now, let's look at a couple characteristics of the time period and see how it (Step 2: Gain Deeper Meaning) effected history.


 * 5. Realism:** To make this short, sweet and to the point life was hard in most cities. The Romantic Movement was pushed forward by the upper and middle classes. The lower class (majority of the people) had a much more objective outlook on life. For the first time the importance of the working class was starting to take hold. This would only make nationalism more potent as there was now a deeper meaning in life.

Nationalistic Poetry
Here are some examples of poetry during the time period. Your assignment is to pick one of the following poems and analyze it. While reading the question ask yourself: What feelings do you have when reading these poems? How would you feel if this was written about/for your country? What factors from above do you see in your poetry? Discuss and review nationalism. These are good links for nationalistic poetry if you need them:

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/arndt-vaterland.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1870wachtrhein.html
 * Germany**

http://web.archive.org/web/19991005110302/http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/History/teaching/sem10/scott.html
 * Great Britain**

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/byron-greece.html
 * Greece** (a long poem, but it gets the idea across even if they don't read it all; Lord Byron is brilliant.)

http://www.aestheticrealism.net/poetry/Expiation-Hugo.htm
 * France** (Victor Hugo's ode to Napoleon's conquest and defeat)


 * Editing:** Now it is time to pull out your poems and make sure that you have all of these elements inside of them. You will now have time to edit your poems. In the next class we will be reading these poems to each other in small groups and you will be graded not only on the content but also the delivery of your speech.


 * Homework:** Nationalistic Poems Due. Be ready to recite them in class.

Nationalistic Poetry Slam!
[|Check out Korea's National Anthem here]

Within your groups you will recite your poetry. Remember that you will be graded on a number of factors but most importantly your nationalistic passion must be included. Each student will read his or her poem, and you will secretly vote on whose is the best in your group.

Developing Your Nation-States
I can tell that we are starting to get that nationalistic fever! WOW it is hot in here! So let's take this a step further and show that we can make a nation. You will be assigned a plot of land that will need to be brought alive through the ideas of nationalism, romanticism and realism. Remember that the only rule that exists is a social contract that must be signed by all of the society's members before it becomes a nation-state. You will also be given background knowledge about your countries. You will now be divided into six groups. The following items must be made and presented before your nation-state will be recognized as official:

1. Pick the best poem out of your group. You will pick 2-4 stanzas and set them to a song. This will be your country's national anthem. 2. Flag 3. Currency/Money (Need an example of a bill) 4. Social Contract of Some Form 5. Cultural Analysis of Your Country: Examples include but are not limited to language, foods, national sport, traditions, holidays, etc. 6. Speech Convincing Others to Join Your Nation

You will place this work within your work pages.

WORLD HISTORY BRIGHTMAN B WORLD HISTORY BRIGHTMAN D
 * Class List**

Here are a list of countries and a brief description of their current state. From here let your imagination run free. You will have two full class periods to work on this project. On the third day you will introduce your countries by singing your anthem, showing your flag and preforming your speech. May the most nationalistic country win! Good luck!


 * ====Country==== || ====Description==== ||
 * ====Caldonia==== || ====Your kingdom is based on a peninsula. You have the largest and most powerful navy in the world. Your geographical location has been an asset to you historically. The mountain range to your east has provided you with protection against invasion from your neighbors. For the most part you have separated yourself instead of interacting with other. This has made it so that you have a unique culture. Your people tend to be very industrious and hard working.==== ||
 * ====Morovia==== || ====You are located in the central heartland of the continent. For the past couple of centuries you have been able to expand your borders and create a large empire. You are well respected in the region but secretly you are losing power. Being in the middle of the continent you tend to be wary of others to a point but have faith in a balance of power system. You could hold your own until allies would join you.==== ||
 * ====Penland==== || ====Strong, tough and intelligent. You are the people of the regional lands Penland. Traditionally you have been separated into small kingdoms. It has become obvious that it is time to unite. In the region you feel as though you are not getting the respect that you deserve. As a group this frustrates you.==== ||
 * ====Yorkton==== || ====The highest and mightiest of the region. Your region is very diverse as it has fertile grounds, mountains, rivers, and a majestic forest. There is a natural pride that exists within you borders. Many of the other surrounding countries have been weary of you wand your intentions. But pay no attention to that because in many ways you are cultural superior to others and you know that it would not hurt if some Yorkton influence off in the rest of the region.==== ||
 * ====Sandia==== || ====The lands of Sandia can be stated on only one word... HUGE! Sandia does a good job of representing this idea by the size of its land mass, population, mountains, and people. The only thing that is not big in Sandia is the economic status. Out of the region it by far the poorest. There are a number of factors to blame on this but most notably the geography is harsh on it's inhabitants. But overall people in Sandia are happy as they have there local drink to keep them warm during the long winters.==== ||
 * ====Bahkan==== || ====You have been repressed by a foreign power for way to long now. The empire that once took you over has started to crumble and you now see a chance to get freedom. There are surrounding countries that would support your cause and even though your land would be small it would be made up of people who are very much like you in every way (religion, language, ethnicity, etc.)! Historically you have been a proud people. It has been only 100 years since your own king had ruled. It is time to gain your independence and show the rest of the world what you are made of.==== ||




 * Homework:** Finish your Nationalism Simulation Project work. Be ready to present in groups next class.

Nation-State Presentations
You will have a total of 10 minutes or less to introduce your country. Remember that when presenting, all members of the group must be involved with the national anthem and the speech. Remember that you are presenting your country as a nationalist. Your teachers want to see the pride and passion of your country oozing out of your pores. This assignment is worth 50 project points.

**What is diplomacy?**
“Diplomacy is the art of conducting international relations.” It is one tool in a state’s foreign policy toolbox when it comes to dealing with other nations. Diplomacy relies heavily on dialogue and negotiations to determine common interests and conflicts between nations. Many people think of diplomacy as negotiations over political interests or territorial conflict. However, diplomacy has also included business, economic, and religious purposes. As globalization has spread and communication technology has enhanced, diplomacy now encompasses everything from the colonization of space to human cloning.

Experts refer to diplomacy as an art because many techniques may be used by states to protect their interests and maximize their gains. At times, diplomacy may appear more like a chess match or poker game than a negotiation. Players may bluff, cheat, backstab, threaten, or refuse to meet in order to get what they want. In the recent negotiations over the disputed elections in Kenya, the two rival political factions argued for days about who would sit where before the negotiations even began. Likewise, negotiations take place in many different ways. Participants may sit across from each other or around a table; these sessions may be open or closed-door depending on their sensitivity. Other negotiations happen via phone, letter, through representatives or third parties, and even through the press. Obviously, this means language and culture play a huge role in negotiations. With the advent of modern technology, the art of diplomacy will become even more complicated and interesting as the years progress.

Diplomacy is essential to establish and uphold rules and procedures within the international community to preserve peace and nations’ sovereignty. It provides a framework for international law and organizations as well as a common system through which independent states can connect, collaborate and communicate with each other. Until another method is developed, diplomacy will dictate international relations and foreign policy for the foreseeable future.

Inspired by the following articles: http://www.diplomat21.com/diplomacy/whatisdiplomacy.htm http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:UsWPs7z-PNIJ:www.mgimo.ru/fileserver/2004/kafedry/eng7/Future-of-Diplomacy.doc+the+future+of+diplomacy&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=14&client=firefox-a The Future of Diplomacy Notes

**What is an alliance?**
Another tool that is used in international relations in addition to diplomacy is an alliance treaty. An alliance consists of an agreement between two or more countries to stand up for and protect each other when threatened by another country or countries. When countries agree to advocate for each other, this is an offensive alliance; to protect each other, a defensive alliance. In theory, alliances help doubly ensure a balance of power exists between nations, but it comes with great risks also. As tensions escalate between countries over conflicts of interest, they both must think twice before using military force because they may actually be declaring war on more than one nation and jeopardize themselves in the process. In addition, partner nations may use the alliance system to try and gain advantage over other nations but risk dragging unwilling partners into war simultaneously.

Inspired by: "Alliances before and during World War I" http://psikoloji.fisek.com.tr/makale/alliance.htm

Upon reading these two descriptions, you may think to yourself that diplomacy and alliances are only used on the world stage. However, if you consider them more locally, you will realize that these are two basic units of human relations. How do you use diplomacy and alliances to obtain and protect your interests? How do you see others around you using diplomacy and alliances to obtain and protect their interests? Think of specific examples to share with your team and with the class.

Now back to a global perspective, think about diplomacy and alliances as follows and provide specific examples in your teams:

media type="youtube" key="RZUOkGxGUVs" height="344" width="425"
 * Why do you think most nations have a diplomatic corps devoted to foreign policy?
 * What do you think the life of a diplomat is like? Do you think diplomacy is easy or difficult? Why or why not?
 * Could you ever see yourself as a diplomat? Why or why not?
 * How effectively can you negotiate? What tactics would you use?
 * When do you see diplomacy and alliances coming into play internationally today? What benefits and risks do you see in these scenarios?


 * Homework:** Read the World Situation Summary and be ready to conduct diplomacy tomorrow between your nations.

News Bulletin July 28, 1918