Italian+Fascism+B

=Italy~Fascist= 
 * Controlled mass media
 * Magazines, newspapers that spread propaganda; urged people to remain calm and refrain from violence during Fascist' March on Rome
 * Nationalism
 * Mussolini was obsessed with recreating the Roman Empire through colonialism
 * Supremacy of military
 * Large amounts of national fund were spent on military
 * Fraudulent elections
 * Violent "secret police" caused fear among people, forcefully making people vote for Mussolini.
 * Obsession of power
 * Mussolini passed Christmas Eve law that practically forbade anyone from challenging his decisions and title.
 * Obsession of crime and punishment
 * Italy places great emphasis on law enforcement. The police are almost given limitless power. The country encourages patriotism but wants to protect itself from outlaws.
 * corporate power is protected
 * the italian government takes most control over the businesses and enterprises in order for a mutually beneficial relationship to be made
 * Labor power is suppressed
 * (nothing)

=Fascism in Italy =

by Jenny J. & Jenny P.
 14 Characteristics of Fascism:  1. Powerful and Continuing Nationalism - Fascist regimes tend to make constant use of patriotic mottos, slogans, symbols, songs, and other paraphernalia. Flags are seen everywhere, as are flag symbols on clothing and in public displays.
 * The "R. Prefettura di Padova. Manifesto. 1922." is issued to calm Italians down to refrain from using violence against the society.

2. Disdain for the Recognition of Human Rights - Because of fear of enemies and the need for security, the people in fascist regimes are persuaded that human rights can be ignored in certain cases because of "need." The people tend to look the other way or even approve of torture, summary executions, assassinations, long incarcerations of prisoners, etc.
 * Mussolini harshly punished the people who went against fascism in the nation. He believed it went against the unity of the society.

3. Identification of Enemies/Scapegoats as a Unifying Cause - The people are rallied into a unifying patriotic frenzy over the need to eliminate a perceived common threat or foe: racial, ethnic or religious minorities; liberals; communists; socialists, terrorists, etc.
 * Antonio Gramsci was arrested and accused of going against the state, spreading propaganda, and forming tensions between classes.

4. Supremacy of the Military - Even when there are widespread domestic problems, the military is given a disproportionate amount of government funding, and the domestic agenda is neglected. Soldiers and military service are glamorized.
 * The military of Italy was highly respected.

5. Rampant Sexism - The governments of fascist nations tend to be almost exclusively male-dominated. Under fascist regimes, traditional gender roles are made more rigid. Divorce, abortion and homosexuality are suppressed and the state is represented as the ultimate guardian of the family institution.
 * There was an organization for the protection and assistance of needy mothers and infants dispensed clothing and medical advice before, during, and after childbirth
 * It outlined the rights and benefits of women chiefly
 * It helped train young girls who would eventually become servants in private homes

6. Controlled Mass Media - Sometimes to media is directly controlled by the government, but in other cases, the media is indirectly controlled by government regulation, or sympathetic media spokespeople and executives. Censorship, especially in war time, is very common.
 * a government manifesto appeals to all Italians to remain calm and to refrain from violence, strikes, and acts against society during this difficult period

7. Obsession with National Security - Fear is used as a motivational tool by the government over the masses.

8. Religion and Government are Intertwined - Governments in fascist nations tend to use the most common religion in the nation as a tool to manipulate public opinion. Religious rhetoric and terminology is common from government leaders, even when the major tenets of the religion are diametrically opposed to the government's policies or actions.
 * the Italian Government should protect Christianity from offenders, which basically meant that everyone should believe in Christianity.

9. Corporate Power is Protected - The industrial and business aristocracy of a fascist nation often are the ones who put the government leaders into power, creating a mutually beneficial business/government relationship and power elite.

10. Labor Power is Suppressed - Because the organizing power of labor is the only real threat to a fascist government, labor unions are either eliminated entirely, or are severely suppressed.

11. Disdain for Intellectuals and the Arts - Fascist nations tend to promote and tolerate open hostility to higher education, and academia. It is not uncommon for professors and other academics to be censored or even arrested. Free expression in the arts and letters is openly attacked.

12. Obsession with Crime and Punishment - Under fascist regimes, the police are given almost limitless power to enforce laws. The people are often willing to overlook police abuses and even forego civil liberties in the name of patriotism. There is often a national police force with virtually unlimited power in fascist nations.

13. Rampant Cronyism and Corruption - Fascist regimes almost always are governed by groups of friends and associates who appoint each other to government positions and use governmental power and authority to protect their friends from accountability. It is not uncommon in fascist regimes for national resources and even treasures to be appropriated or even outright stolen by government leaders.


 * 14. Fraudulent Elections - Sometimes elections in fascist nations are a complete sham. Other times elections are manipulated by smear campaigns against or even assassination of opposition candidates, use of legislation to control voting numbers or political district boundaries, and manipulation of the media. Fascist nations also typically use their judiciaries to manipulate or control elections.