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//**DOC 1: Fertility Rate Graph**
 * //AP TOPIC:  The ongoing struggle for equality: African Americans and women //**
 * //Question:// During the 1920s, women's and African Americans' ways of fighting for equality, in fact, showed their inferiority to the white man. State whether you agree or disagree with the argument using your own knowledge of this time period and the documents provided below. **


 * DOC 2: A letter from F. H. Hooper to W.E.B. Du Bois about an article W.E.B. Du Bois submitted. February 20, 1929**//

"Dear Mr. Du Bois: I have your letter of February 14th and am sorry to learn that you are dissatisfied with the changes made in the manuscript of your article. Most of them were made simply to save space, and a few of them because I felt that they were written, shall I say in vindication of the colored people, and that, it seems to me, is quite unnecessary. In one or two cases the statements were excessive and contradicted information given in other articles. As an instance of this latter, I struck out the figures...

Your manuscript also contains the statement "After the Civil War it was Negro loyalty and the Negro vote alone that restored the South to the Union, established a new democracy, both for the white people and black..." This statement, in my judgement, is largely a matter of opinion and as such should find no place in an encyclopaedia. Had any statement as broad as this and as questionable, on which scholars differ, appeared in any other article, I should have struck it out, as I did in this.

... There only remains that I should speak of the capitalization of the word "Negro." As far as I personally am concerned, it seems to me that to capitalize Negro when we do not capitalize "whites" is a mistake. I will, however, if you feel very strongly in the matter make the changes so that throughout the article the word will be spelled with a capital letter..."


 * //DOC 3: A cartoon from the 1920s about flappers (Begin watching from 2:30)//**media type="youtube" key="tBKAG0ut9Ds" width="425" height="350"


 * //DOC 4: Negro World 1923//**


 * //DOC 5: Photograph of African Americans holding a strike.//**

Harlem ... Harlem Black, black Harlem Souls of Black Folk Ask Du Bois Little grey restless feet Ask Claude McKay City of Refuge Ask Rudolph Fisher Don't damn your body's itch Ask Countee Cullen Does the jazz band sob? Ask Langston Hughes Nigger Heaven Ask Carl Van Vechten Hey! ... Hey! " ... Say it brother Say it ..." - Frank Horne, "Harlem"
 * //DOC 6: "Harlem" by Frank Horne//**


 * //DOC 7: KKK//**


 * //DOC 8://** **//Members of the National Woman's Party outside the White House

DOC 9: Equal Rights Amendment 1923 Alice Paul Quote //** =media type="youtube" key="XeoP0XfgaQU" width="425" height="350"= http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeoP0XfgaQU&hl=ko **//PLEASE GO TO THIS SITE TO WATCH because embedding is forbidden.//** = = =DOC 10: Population Density of African Americans as of 1920.= ==

Youjin Kwon

During 1920s, struggle for equality of women and African Americans was rapidly increasing. Even after they received their suffrage, they still fought to destroy prejudice against them. This had lasting impact on the American society and laid foundation for later generation. The women’s and African Americans’ ways of fighting for equality, did not show their inferiority, but only proved their capability of equal status. African Americans and Women rose against politics, discrimination in workplace, commonly held culture. The women and African Americans became more involved in politics despite resistance to their participation. The fact that women and the African Americans had right to vote did not mean that they had equal voice as that of white men. There were other requisite for women and African Americans to have before they could vote. The African Americans had to pass their literacy test and the women were discouraged to vote in many society. However, they did not give up their hard-won suffrage. They continue to get involve in the politics. People like Alice Paul demanded equal rights and imposed Equal Rights Amendment 1923; she was emerging as political leader of the women (Doc 9). The women now wanted to escape their defined status of cult of domesticity. Many more women marched to the White House demanded their needs (Doc 8). The African Americans also had similar movements. W.E.B. Du Bois emerged as the new political leader who emphasized blacks’ equality or even superiority in some areas (Doc 2). The politic movements of women and African Americans had significant long-term effect in American society. Women and African Americans started defy the common discrimination in the workplace by escaping women’s sphere and forming unions of their own. For women and African American it was hard to even take up professional jobs due to prevalent prejudice. Even when they were equally competent and equated as white men, their pay was low and their duties trivial. Compare earlier time, more women were receiving higher education and taking professional jobs. They sought to work instead of raise children. Abortion was increasing and more women chose to divorce or marry later (Doc 1). The technological development in household allowed more work time or leisure time for women. The African Americans on the other hand, started forming their own organization against discrimination and segregation. They called for equal pay as well as equal rights in the society and workplace (Doc 5). Despite their effort for equal pay, most employers ignored it. The women and the African Americans lobbied for their rights in the workplace. Addition to their effort in the social workplace, the women and the African Americans also rebelled against common culture. During 1920s, the young women used a bolder approach to express their equality; they started dressing like men, drinking heavily, smoking in public place, and conversing openly about sex. This aroused a completely new culture for women and going against previous generation’s belief of “good women” (Doc 3). This advent of new culture was also happening in the African American community. Contrary to women, the African Americans experienced Harlem Renaissance. This revival of literature and music became popular in America. Their new culture such as music and poetry expressed their pride in being blacks (Doc 6). These particular groups, women and African American gave a new rise to culture as they rebelled against traditional belief and struggled for equality. The women and the African Americans achieved many things as they strived for equality in American society. They had experienced discrimination and segregation, but this did not stop them from progressing. These groups’ struggle for equality was not entirely futile because its legacy continues in today’s society and affects the minds of minority.

LAUREN AND SUNGWOO: We love your thesis because it answered our question and introduced us to the paragraph topics. However, it would have been better if the thesis was more directly answering the question. Thesis: 8

Facts are nicely formatted into supporting the essay. Lots of outside information is used. However, more specific names or organizations would have helped improve your facts! : ) But overall great support with your facts such as W.E.B. DuBois, Equal RIghts Amendment, and Harlem Renaissance. Facts: 7

You used 7 out of the 10 documents which is fairly well done! However the Negro World newspaper and the last document that emphasized rising population of the blacks would have helped your argument supporting the equality. It was a nice decision not to use the KKK document ; ) Document : 7

You analyzed the documents very well and went further by comparing the differences in equality for the women and the blacks. However, you mis-analyzed document 1. Document 1 shows equality for women because they were now available to choose for their future and limit their birth rates. Divorce was also another reason but it can not be inferred from Document 1. For document 3, you could have mentioned the term "flappers" which total ups your argument regarding the sexual revolution and women equality. Document 6 could have been further analyzed by stating that literature and arts was no longer limited to the whites. However, we love how you analyzed the letter to W.E.B. DuBois towards the way that supported your argument as well as stating that the Harlem Renaissance showed the Black's pride at that time. Document: 6

Avg: 7

Lovely job and lovely analyzing with lovely supporting facts and argument! Just lovely overall. Just be careful in analyzing few documents so that you don't go the wrong way and try to analyze deeper into the documents. : )